INTRODUCTION:

Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a medicinal plant from the Zingiberaceae family, has long been valued in Indian herbal practice^1,2. Its primary bioactive compounds are curcuminoids—curcumin, demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC)^3,4. These yellow constituents are derived from the rhizomes of C. longa^5,6. Curcumin, the most studied curcuminoid, is a small, lipophilic polyphenol that dissolves in organic solvents and remains stable under gastric acidity. Turmeric also contains volatile oils such as turmerone, atlantone, and zingiberone, as well as sugars, proteins, and resins⁷. Curcumin, chemically known as diferuloylmethane, exhibits keto–enol tautomerism depending on the solvent environment^8,9.

Turmeric has been used for more than 4,000 years in Vedic traditions for culinary, medicinal, and ritual purposes.¹⁰ Curcumin is associated with antioxidant¹¹, anti-inflammatory¹², antimutagenic¹³, antimicrobial¹⁴, and other therapeutic activities¹⁵. Because it is poorly absorbed and rapidly metabolized, several strategies have been developed to improve its bioavailability, with piperine offering the most significant enhancement—up to a 2000% increase^16,17. Curcumin is a key ingredient in the root extract of Curcuma longa. The yellow root contains curcumin and has been used as a flavoring and coloring agent in food and medicine throughout Asian countries.¹⁸ Turmeric roots typically contain over 3% curcumin, 1.4% DMC, and 1.2% BDMC¹⁹. Curcumin has shown protective effects in conditions such as osteopenia²⁰ and osteoarthritis²¹, and is traditionally used for various inflammatory, infectious, hepatic, and digestive disorders^10,22.

Plant Profile:

Common Names:

Saffron Indian; haldi (Hindi); Curcuma; Rhizoma cur-cumae.

Table No. 1 - Synonyms:

Sanskrit	Ameshta
English	Indian saffron
Hindi	Haldi
Telugu	Haridra
Tamil	Ameshta

Biological source:

Turmeric is the dried rhizome (underground stem) of the plant Curcuma longa linn., also known as Curcuma domestica Valeton belonging to the natural order Zingiberaceae.

Family: Zingiberaceae

Geographical Sources:

It is commonly found in Cambodia, China, India, Nepal, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam. Indian scenario: It is commonly found in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra and also in Madras.²³

Table No. 2 - Taxonomy Scientific Name: Curcuma longa

Kingdom	Plantae
Sub-kingdom	Tracheobionta [Vascular plants]
Super division	Spermatophyta
Division	Magnoliophyta [Flowering plants]
Class	Lilliopsida [monocotyledons]
Subclass	Zingiberidae
Order	Zingiberales
Genus	Curcuma L. curcuma
Species	Curcuma longa L

Natural Habitate:

Curcumin is used analytically to determine boron by forming the red complex rosocyanine with boric acid and serves as a natural food colorant due to its intense yellow pigmentation.²⁴

Chemical Constituents:

Turmeric contains bioactive polyphenolic curcuminoids, including curcumin (diferuloylmethane), demethoxycurcumin (DMC), bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), and cyclocurcumin²⁵. Curcumin (3–4%) imparts the yellow color, consisting mainly of curcumin I (94%), curcumin II (6%), and curcumin III (0.3%), with overall curcuminoids making up 2–5% of the rhizome^26,27. Curcumin is the most extensively studied compound²⁸. Turmeric also contains sesquiterpenes such as turmerone, atlantone, zingiberone, turmeronol, germacrone, and bisabolene, along with carbohydrates, proteins, resins, and caffeic acid²⁹. Chemically, curcumin (C21H20O6, 368.385 g/mol) has two oxy-substituted aryl groups linked by a seven-carbon α, β-unsaturated β-diketone chain³⁰ and is hydrophobic (log P 3.43), poorly soluble in water, and accumulates in hydrophobic regions such as cell membranes^31,32. It acts as a reducing agent and antioxidant, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and supporting antioxidant systems more effectively than vitamin E.³³ The α,β-unsaturated β-diketone moiety serves as both the hydrogen-donor and hydrolysis site, leading to rapid degradation in aqueous or alkaline conditions,³⁴ although binding to polymers, cyclodextrins, lipids, or proteins improves solubility and stability. After oral intake, curcumin is metabolized into sulfate and glucuronide derivatives³⁵, and its stability and bioavailability can be enhanced via encapsulation, chemical modification of reactive sites, or curcumin analogues, which require further clinical evaluation.^36,37 and modifying the β-diketone to reduce the activity of the enolate Michael acceptor.³⁸Additionally, curcumin analogues further clinical studies are necessary to assess and confirm their potential benefits.

Fig No. 1 – Chemical Constituents of Turmeric.³⁹

Pharmacological Properties:

1. Anti-Viral Activity:

Curcumin exhibits broad antiviral activity against viruses including HPV, influenza, HBV, HCV, adenovirus, coxsackievirus, human norovirus, RSV, and HSV-1^40–44. Curcumin-functionalized graphene oxide shows strong inhibition of RSV by inactivating the virus and blocking its attachment, providing preventive and therapeutic effects in a dose-dependent manner⁴⁵. It also inhibits IMPDH, reducing guanine nucleotide levels needed for RNA and DNA synthesis, and interferes with viral entry and multiple stages of the viral life cycle. Curcumin demonstrates antiproliferative, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities.⁴⁶

2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity:

Curcumin exhibits strong anti-inflammatory effects in acute and chronic models, comparable to phenylbutazone in acute tests but less effective in chronic ones.^47,48It has been shown to be safe in six human trials and may exert its effects by modulating transcription factors, cytokines, protein kinases, adhesion molecules, redox status, and inflammation-related enzymes⁴⁹.

3. Depression and Anxiety:

In clinical trials, curcumin improved depression symptoms as measured by scales such as BAI, BDI, HAM-D17, HADS, BDI-II, and IDS-SR30. One trial showed reduced anxiety but no effect on depression, likely due to a shorter 30-day treatment. In some studies, curcumin also modulated biomarkers, lowering IL-1β and TNFα, increasing plasma BDNF, reducing salivary cortisol, and affecting urinary thromboxane B2, substance P, endothelin-1, and leptin, which may contribute to its antidepressant effects⁵⁰.

4. Anti-Cancer:

Cancer arises from genetic and epigenetic changes, leading to cell death, uncontrolled growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis^51,52. Curcumin has been studied for its anti-cancer effects, showing benefits in gastrointestinal, melanoma, genitourinary^53,54, breast, and lung cancers ^55,56. Research indicates that curcumin exerts anti-cancer activity both alone and in combination with conventional chemotherapy, improving treatment outcomes and managing related complications^57–60.

5. Anti-Bacterial:

Curcumin exhibits antibacterial activity against various periodontopathic bacteria by inhibiting growth and reducing the activities of Porphyromonas gingivalis Arg- and Lys-specific proteinases (RGP and KGP). It also suppresses biofilm formation of P. gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii in a dose-dependent manner, with 20µg/mL inhibiting P. gingivalis biofilms by over 80%. However, 100µg/mL does not affect Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. At higher concentrations, curcumin disrupts bacterial membranes, as observed in Escherichia coli.^61,62

6. Anti-Fungal:

The study of adding curcumin powder to plant tissue culture showed that curcumin at 0.8 and 1.0g/L had significant inhibitory effects on fungal contamination.⁶³ Reduced proteinase secretion and changes in membrane-related ATPase activity might also play important roles in the antifungal effects of curcumin.⁶⁴ Discovering new anti-candida substances is essential because of the development of resistant strains against current antifungal drugs.⁶⁵

7. Anti-Arthritis:

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that features an increase in the number of synovial fibroblasts. Curcumin has strong anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects.⁶⁶ It is thought that curcumin's antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive properties help improve symptoms for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.⁶⁷

8. Wound- Healing Activity:

It effectively fights wound infection and helps repair burn injuries in rats. The growth factors play a role in the wound healing process stimulated by curcumin.⁶⁸The ways curcumin aids in wound healing include:

1. Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor-β1 showed an increase in wounds treated with curcumin compared to untreated wounds.

2. It helps modulate collagen and reduce reactive oxygen species.⁶⁹

Extraction:

Purification of Curcumin, extracted from turmeric, has uses in different industries. There are two methods for extracting curcumin: conventional and modern. The conventional method involves using solvents, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and hydro-distillation. Soxhlet extraction was first developed in 1879 for lipid isolation, is widely used to extract bioactive compounds from plants due to its high efficiency⁷⁰. For curcumin, common solvents include water, ethanol, and methanol. Ethanolic extraction yielded 88.96mg/g⁷¹, while acetone extraction produced 6.9% curcumin⁷². Maceration extraction is the method of extracting compounds through continuous stirring. Acetonic extraction results in about 50% of curcumin (Nurhadi et al., 2020).⁷³

CONCLUSION:

Turmeric has long been valued in traditional Indian medicine, and its principal compound, curcumin, continues to attract scientific interest due to its interaction with multiple cellular targets. Although curcuminoids show notable pharmacological and chemopreventive activity in experimental studies, additional well-controlled clinical trials are needed to establish their therapeutic potential. Research is also focused on improving curcumin’s low bioavailability, with encapsulation methods offering promising solutions. Advances in extraction technology—such as microwave- and ultrasound-assisted techniques—provide faster, more efficient alternatives to traditional Soxhlet extraction. Future work will emphasize enhancing bioavailability and further refining these extraction approaches.

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Received on 13.03.2026 Revised on 23.04.2026

Accepted on 25.05.2026 Published on 04.07.2026

Available online from July 18, 2026

Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2026; 16(3):266-270.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2026.00038

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